Protection of Biometric Templates

Security of Biometric Templates Security of Biometric Templates Stored on an Authentication Card by Salting the Templates Issue Statement The proposed research tends to the issue of security of biometric information put away on layouts utilizing a framework on-card approach for savvy cards by proposing a technique to salt the formats. Exploration Statement This exploration proposes a hearty and versatile strategy to salt the layouts put away and coordinated on-card. It readies a salt utilizing a unique mark layout of a haphazardly picked finger, the sequential number of confirmation card and a framework produced arbitrary PIN. The salt is utilized to scramble the layouts of various unique mark formats made and put away on card. During validation, a layout of the finger picked haphazardly to set up the salt during the enlistment stage is acquired and a PIN is given by client. These two contributions alongside the sequential number of card is utilized to set up the salt and again scramble the live layout gave by client to verification. Once, the put away encoded format and the made scrambled layout coordinates, the client can be viewed as veritable and allowed get to further. This technique is executed on framework on-card savvy cards to give clients greater security and protection. Conceptual This exploration proposes to give a safe strategy to plan salt for encryption of formats put away on the confirmation card utilizing what I am, what I have and what I realize which is profoundly impervious to known assaults against coordinate on card innovation. The client will be given a Java card with an implanted unique mark peruser on the card. The client needs to give a unique finger impression which will be caught by peruser implanted on-card and this finger impression will be utilized to get ready salt alongside sequential number of Java card and a 4-digit PIN contribution by client. The salt will be set up to encode the live format of another unique finger impression picked haphazardly by framework, created by the framework on Java card. The scrambled live layout and the put away salted format will be contrasted with build up if the client is authentic or not. The client will be confirmed dependent on the estimations of choice on the off chance that it passes a specific edge esteem. Assets The assets we mean to use to finish this examination is Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, Research Gate. Association with the courses of the MISSM Program Different courses of MISSM program are connected to the proposed research as depicted underneath: Cryptography: The nuts and bolts of Biometrics and JAVA card innovation, utilizing challenge and reaction for a situation, for example, banking, high-security settings and so forth. Additionally, RSA endorsements for web verification during correspondence with server. Security arrangements: Different approaches and guidelines administering the administration of biometric information for example ISO/IEC gauges and so on. Likewise, various approaches that can be executed to guarantee sound utilization of proposed technique. Administration Risk and Control: Considering the benefit of barrier inside and out idea by including an extra layer of security for the thought of hazard the board in physical access validation/security. Survey of related examination The exploration identified with this proposition contains the conversation of match-on card and framework on-card approach and how framework on-card innovation gives extra security and protection to client. The audit is separated into four segment as depicted underneath: Unique mark Authentication Systems Biometrics are computerized strategies for setting up a people personality dependent on his/her physical or conduct attributes [1]. There are different physical qualities that can be utilized for validation framework, for example, iris, unique finger impression, palmprint, hand vein design and so forth. For each biometric validation framework, a biometric is picked dependent on different factors, for example, Universality, Uniqueness, Accuracy, Maturity, Durability as portrayed in Smart Cards and Biometrics [2]. Fingerprints is most broadly utilized from the date of cause of biometrics. The accompanying network table unmistakably shows that unique mark is most reasonable biometric attribute that can be utilized. Fig 1. Report of Defense Science Board Task Force on Defense Biometrics [2] Like some other confirmation framework, unique mark verification framework additionally comprises of four essential thing segments Input system, Matching philosophies, Decision making techniques and database of biometric data. A traditional biometric validation framework comprises of two stages: Enrollment and Verification as clarified in Fig 2 [3]. Fig 2. Structure for Fingerprint Authentication System [3] During Enrollment stage, client is approached to enter a unique finger impression. Various highlights are extricated from this unique finger impression and a layout is made by a single direction work that changes the highlights separated into a scientific structure utilizing various capacities. This format is put away in a database which is utilized during second period of verification for example Check. During Verification stage, client is again approached to give unique mark. Again a format called live layout from the info unique finger impression is created and afterward the put away format in database and live format are contrasted with verify the client as veritable or not. The proposed research center around layout security calculation to ensure the biometric format (or reference) before putting away them in database. Layouts are produced by separating explicit highlights from a biometric quality (for this situation it is unique mark) of client. The format is a short hand portrayal [12] which gives fundamental data about the first unique mark. Layouts can be put away in database as such without going them through any insurance calculation, which will spare time and less assets are required for entire procedure. In any case, unprotected formats are intense danger to the uprightness of entire unique finger impression verification framework (or any biometric confirmation framework). Additionally, the layout can be effectively controlled and is utilized for speed of correlation. As exhibited by Ross et. al. in [13] that data can be separated out of the layout and unique mark can be regenerated.ã‚â In their paper, three degree of data was gotten from the details format of unique mark. The data about direction field, unique mark class and grating edge structure was removed out and dependent on that data the unique finger impression was integrated once more. It demonstrates the thought that getting unique finger impression from the layout is almost difficult to be false. Thus, the insurance of format is extremely significant and can't be disregarded. Unique finger impression layouts are created from explicit highlights of the finger impression contribution by client. Unique mark layout incorporates data for each particulars point, such are position of the point on a XY-hub, separation of one minutia from all others or angle data of every minutia. Angle data gives the incline of the line fragment reaching out from minutia being depicted [12] as appeared in fig. This data for every minutia of a finger makes a unique mark format for a finger. Essentially, layout for each finger can be developed and put away in database. Formats can be a two dimensional framework wherein lines speaks to every minutia and segment speaks to various kind of data about that minutia. Instances of normalized and broadly utilized layout designs are ANSI INCITS 378-2004 and ISO/IEC 19794-2. ANSI INCITS 378-2004 layout position comprise of three guidelines for unique mark information trade which are as per the following: ANSI INCITS 377-2004 Finger Pattern Data Interchange Format This standard characterizes the substance, organization and units of estimation for the trading of finger picture information that might be utilized in the confirmation or ID procedure of a subject [14]. It trades natural picture of unique mark. This standard is utilized where there is no restriction on the assets, for example, stockpiling and transmission time. ANSI INCITS 378-2004 Finger Minutiae Format For Data Interchange The Finger Minutiae Format for Data Interchange standard determines a strategy for making biometric layouts of unique finger impression details, for example, edge endings and bifurcations [14]. The structure of minutia information design is characterized in the figure beneath. The all-inclusive information squares contain extra data about the minutia. Fig Structure Minutia Data Format extricated out from [14]. ANSI INCITS 381-2004 Finger Image-Based Data Interchange Format The Finger Pattern Based Interchange Format standard determines a strategy for making biometric layouts of unique finger impression biometric data utilizing edge design estimations found in fingerprints. The unique finger impression picture is decreased and afterward assembled into little cells of 5*5 pixels. At that point these cells are broke down independently [14]. The layout created might be utilized for two chief purposes [14] which are recognizable proof and confirmation. In the two cases a live layout is created from unique mark contribution by client is contrasted and the format put away in database. The odds of these two layouts being a careful match is extremely little in view of soil, injury or low quality of unique mark itself [14]. In this manner, an edge esteem is determined which is known as a relationship coefficient [14]. The estimation of this coefficient must be set specific to the application. This is on the grounds that, in the event that this worth is high, at that point there a high possibility of FRR and in the event that this worth is low, at that point there is high possibility of FAR. Instances of utilization of unique mark confirmation framework are law authorization for distinguishing proof of hoodlums, air terminals to offer quick types of assistance to a high number of travelers and so forth. In an ordinary unique mark validation framework, there are different purposes of assault as distinguished by Ratha et. al. [4] which can be abused by an enemy as found in Fig 3 [5]. Various assaults that can be performed on these focuses can be assembled into four classifications [5]: Assaults at UI: Th

Why Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

4 Simple Ways To Manage Your Blog During Exams

4 Simple Ways To Manage Your Blog During Exams Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!4 Simple Ways To Manage Your Blog During ExamsUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : Aditya ChinthaTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozehIH CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOne of the big problems for all the young bloggers is exams, every young blogger faces this problem and they get confused whether to concentrate on exams or their own blog. Even if they leave blogging concentrate on exams, their mind will still be focused on blogging itself. So after completing a small research Im now able to tell you about how to manage your blog during exams.1. Seek Your Friends HelpBuilding a good relationship with fellow bloggers is very important. A cup of coffee can do this. Ask your friend to manage your blog until your exams ends, like writing articles, accepting guest posts, approving comments, building links, etc by giving him the administrator rights till the end of last exam, this can be done by paying some money to him or doing it for free, it depends on your relationship. ??2. Make Use Of Free TimeGetting some time in between each exam can help you to approve some comments and make some conversations with your clients, fellow bloggers and readers. But don’t drag the conversations and sit on your desk for a long time because you have to appear your exam on the next day.Using a Smartphone instead of sitting infront of your desk helps you to save some time and get more marks in the exams. ??3. Hiring Content WritersIf  you are a young pro blogger and make 5-6 posts in a day then hire content writers to write on your blog and give them the schedule for submitting the posts on particular dates. So you don’t miss your loyal readers interest of reading your feed daily.READThe Basics Of Launching Small Business Mobile WebsiteHiring Popular Content Writers will increase your website traffic and also get more readers.4. Getting Guest PostsIf you can’ t hire writers, then the only way to get posts without paying is from accepting guest posting to your blog.How to easily get Guest  Posts?If you have good PageRank (PR) and traffic to your website then getting guest posts is not the hard, just make a list of guest posting writers by visiting a high level blog or search in Google for them and send an invitation to write on your blog. Done! Check your inbox or drafts folder in your blog on the next day.You can also get guest posts from number of authors, there are some websites which do this job to you. Here are 5+ Websites That Will Help You To Get Good Guest BloggersThese are my own methods to manage my blog during the exams and if you have any other ideas/methods please let me and the readers know about them. Hope you have enjoyed reading this article.

Theory Of Games And Economic Behaviour - 968 Words

Although rationality provides the foundation for behavioural decision theory, current findings suggest that heuristics and biases have a significant impact on individual decision making. Rationality can only go so far in explaining individual decision making. A large part of early research into decision theory was based on the economic or normative approach, which tries to predict the actions of a so called ‘rational decision maker’. Although Bernoulli (1738) was the first to introduce the concept of utility into decision making, it was Von Neumann and Morgenstern’s book, ‘Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour’ which revolutionised the idea of a rational decision process. Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1947) explicitly outlined the†¦show more content†¦In contrast, EU theory suggests people have different attitudes toward risk – some would be risk averse and prefer the guaranteed payment, even though the expected value is lower, while others would choose the riskier bet. However, EU Theory and the normative approach to decision making are not without criticisms. As with every mathematical model, EU theory is a simplified representation of reality and does not guarantee reliable predictions o f human behaviour. Indeed, empirical evidence suggests the existence of systematic deviations from rationality. As Dawes (1988) wrote, â€Å"People, groups, organizations, and governments make choices. Sometimes the consequences of their decisions are desirable, sometimes not† (p. 2). Hence it can be argued that decision making is not purely rational (where rationality is defined as the decision predicted by EU Theory). In in attempt to create a more psychologically accurate description of decision making, Kahneman and Tversky (1979) developed Prospect Theory, which theorized that individuals have different perceptions when considering losses versus gains. In contrast to EU Theory, which suggests we make decisions that maximise our utility, research by Kahneman and Tversky (1979) found that information is not processed in such a rational way. For example, according to EU Theory, the amount of utility gained by receiving $200 should be equal to receiving $300 and losing $100 as in both situations

Conservatism In Tehran Stock Exchange Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1987 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between accounting conservatism and dividend policy in Tehran Stock Exchange. To do so, a sample of 90 firms is selected to be studied during the period of 2004 to 2011. Basu (1997) model is extended for measuring accounting conservatism. The results show the there is not significant relationship between accounting dividend policy and conservatism in TSE. Key words: accounting conservatism, dividend policy and Tehran Stock Exchange Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Conservatism In Tehran Stock Exchange Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 1. INTRODUCTION Accounting conservatism has been long a subject of scrutiny by both standard setters and accounting researchers. Recently more debates have been on accounting conservatism as a result of standard setters decision to omit it from conceptual framework. Some argues that accounting conservatism has information content while others believe that it does not benefit for stockholders (Shorevarzi et al., 2009). Accounting conservatism is traditionally defined by the adage anticipate no profit, but anticipate all losses (Watts, 2003). Givoly and Hayn (2000) define accounting conservatism as the choice of an accounting approach that in uncertainties leads to recognize the least assets and revenue and have the lowest positive impact on equity. According to Basu (1997), accounting conservatism is asymmetric timeliness of loss and gains recognition. Gao (2011) defines conservatism as more supportive evidence for good news than bad news. However, managers face many incentives that affect their tendency for good or bad news recognition. They may recognize bad news timely for tax purpose and saving their reputation or delay it for avoiding credit rate reduction which increases their cost of capital (Zhen Qi, 2011). On the other hand, dividend policy is one of the most important areas in finance literature. Dividends can play a useful role in the world of significant agency problems between corporate insiders and outsiders. Insiders return corporate earnings to investors by paying dividends and hence are no longer capable of using these earnings to benefit themselves. Payment of dividends makes companies to need capital gathering, and hence gives outside investors an opportunity to exercise some control over the insiders at that time (Easterbrook, 1984). In this regard, Booth and Chang (2011) find that since the mid-1980s the difference in information asymmetry between dividend- and non-dividend-paying firms has increased sharply, before the mid-1980s the market did not differentiate strongly between them, but subsequently the market has reacted less negatively to announcements by dividend payers. The linkage between accounting conservatism and dividend policy is important because both can be served as a tool for reducing agency cost. More conservatism is expected to reduce agency cost while reduce earning management. In addition, more payout policy can also reduce agency cost through reduction of renounces under control of mangers. Managers may not have a willing to distribute cash to maintain their control in firm which in turn may cause that they use these resources to invest in unfavorable investments. In addition, anticipating all future losses cause the reduction of income and consequently reduces dividend payout (Watts, 1993). However, it is expected that more dividend payout results in more conservatism in case they serve as a tool to reduce agency cost. The main aim of the study is to investigate this relationship. 2. LITRATURE REVIWE Mashayekhi et al. (2009) investigated the relationship between conservatism and dividend level and earnings persistency. They found that increasing conservatism leads to decreasing dividend. Moreover, they indicated that decreasing earnings persistency does not result in increasing conservatism. Ahmed et al. (2002) investigated the role of accounting conservatism in mitigating bondholder-shareholder conflicts over dividend policy and in reducing debt costs. They find that firms facing more severe conflicts over dividend policy tend to use more conservative accounting. Furthermore, they document that accounting conservatism is associated with a lower cost of debt after controlling for other determinants of firms debt costs. Frankel et al. (2008) find that the asymmetric timeliness of cash flows is significantly related to the asymmetric sensitivity of shareholder payouts. On the basis of their other measures of conservatism (earnings skewness and accumulated nonoperating accruals) the y show that these measures are also not significantly related to the sensitivity of shareholder payouts given bad news. Their results suggest that accounting policies do not significantly constrain shareholder distributions conditional on news that does not affect cash flows. Dewenter and Warther (1998) find that information asymmetries or agency conflicts affect dividend policy. Li and Zhao (2008) find that firms that are more subject to information asymmetry are less likely to pay, initiate, or increase dividends, and disburse smaller amounts. Iyengar and Zampelli (2010) investigated whether or not there is a link between conservative accounting practices and the sensitivity of executive pay to accounting performance. They find that the sensitivity of executive pay to accounting performance is higher for firms that report conservative accounting earnings. 3. HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT H1.There is a relationship between accounting dividend payout and conservatism in firms listed in TSE. To investigate above hypothesis in detail, we break accounting conservatism into timeliness of bad news recognition and timeliness of good news recognition. It is expected that recognition of bad news in a firm affects dividend payout. Firms facing bad conditions in business have less tendency to distribute dividend and vice versa. However, following hypothesis is posited: H1a. The timeliness of bad news recognition is negatively related to dividend payout. In addition, it is expected that recognition of good news in a firm affects dividend payout. Firms facing bad conditions in business have more tendency to distribute dividend and vice versa. However, following hypothesis is posited: H1b. The timeliness of good news recognition is positively related to dividend payout. 4. METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION Present study is applied research regarding classification based on goal. The aim of the applied research is to develop applying knowledge in the given subject. In addition, since the study tries to find a relationship between dividend payout and accounting conservatism, the method of study is empirical correlation. The aim of this sort of study is to determine the relationship between the research variables. Using regression and Pierson correlation the relationship between dividend payout and accounting conservatism is investigated. To do so, firstly Basu (1997) is extended to include dividend. After testing first hypothesis using model 1, research sample is separated into two groups namely the firms with negative return to capture asymmetric timeliness of bad news and the firms with positive return to capture asymmetric timeliness of bad news. The population of the study includes all listed firms in TSE. However, to have a reasonable homogenous population, the following conditions are considered in data gathering: 1. Information must be available for the past 8 years. 2. Fiscal year must be ended at the end of year. 3. Transaction intervals must not be more than 3 month. 4. Data must be available for testing hypotheses. 5. Sample firms must not be investment, bank or financing firm. As a result of these conditions a sample of 70 firms was obtained and studied during the period between 2004-2012. Literature and conceptual framework were gathered by documental method. Financial statement and notes issued by TSE were used as a research tool. In addition, Rahavarde Novin software was applied to extract the research data. Models and variables definition To test the main hypothesis, following Zhen Qi (2011) methodology Basu (1997) model is extend to capture dividend policy effect on conservatism as following: (1) Where: EARN is firms net income before extraordinary items, RET is annual buy-and-hold returns, D is an indicator variable equal to 1 if returns (RET) are negative, and 0 if returns are positive, DIV is firms dividend policy captured by dividing cash dividend by net income. The coefficient of the three-way interaction between DIV, returns, and the negative return dummy captures the difference in the degree of asymmetric timeliness of earnings between high dividend payers firms and low dividend payers firms. We predict that the coefficient of the interaction between RET, D, and DIV (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±7) is negative and significant, indicating that high dividend payers firms report earnings in a less conservative manner. First and second sub-hypotheses are tested through following regression for bad news and good news separately. (2) Where all variables are defined as previous model, negative and significant interaction between DIVÃÆ'Æ’-RET proves sub-hypothesis 1, and positive and significant interaction between DIVÃÆ'Æ’-RET proves sub-hypothesis 2. 5. EMPRICAL RESULTS 5.1. Descriptive statistic Descriptive statistic only reports an image of data distribution of research and does not report the relationships between variables. Research descriptive statistic is shown in Table 1. Table 1. Descriptive statistic DIV D EARN RET Mean 1.049526 0.354167 0.170649 34.03626 Median 0.670000 0.000000 0.149539 12.80000 Maximum 100.0000 1.000000 6.762778 820.1600 Minimum 9.432275 0.000000 -2.695823 -79.64000 Std. Dev. 4.197662 0.478592 0.363669 82.89660 Skewness 19.38364 0.609850 9.517949 3.534478 Kurtosis 440.3771 1.371917 176.0665 23.83058 Coefficient of variation 3.999579 1.351317 2.131094 2.435538 Notes: DIV is dividend, D is dummy variable, EARN is net income before extraordinary items, RET annual buy-and-hold returns. 5.2. Correlation Correlation between research variables is presented in Table 2. Table 2. Correlation Matrix DIV D EARN RET DIV 1.000000 D 0.013203 1.000000 EARN -0.028274 -0.008812 1.000000 RET -0.037736 -0.507693 -0.043648 1.000000 As it is shown in Table 2, the correlation between variables is negative except for the relationship between dividend and dummy variable. The low correlation between variables also shows that there is not collineary problem. 5.3. Hypotheses test H1.There is a relationship between dividend payout and accounting conservatism in TSE. To test this hypothesis model 1 regressed. The results of model regression are presented in Table 3. Table 3. Regression of the relationship between conservatism and dividend payout Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 0.193784 0.020928 9.259409 0.0000 RET -0.000277 0.000194 -1.430914 0.1529 D -0.087339 0.036886 -2.367784 0.0182 RETD 0.001552 0.000255 6.078255 0.0000 DIV -0.001661 0.004058 -0.409375 0.6824 DIVRET -1.59E-05 7.94E-05 -0.200868 0.8409 DIVD 0.010483 0.020668 0.507205 0.6122 DIVRETD 0.000177 0.000294 0.601002 0.5480 R-squared 0.053801 Adjusted R-squared 0.044432 Durbin-Watson 2.140430 F-statistic 5.742835 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000002 The results of hypothesis test show that there is not significant relationship between dividend policy and accounting conservatism. This result indicates that dividend policy of TSE firms does not impact on their conservatism. However, our hypothesis is rejected. The value of Durbin-Watson stat (2.14) shows that there is not auto-correlation problem in models residual. H1a. The timeliness of bad news recognition is negatively related to dividend payout. To test this hypothesis model 2 regressed for only negative return sample. The results of model regression are presented in Table 4. Table 4. Regression of timeliness of bad news recognition and dividend payout Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 0.082625 0.057761 1.430449 0.1538 RET -0.003748 0.001867 -2.008257 0.0457 DIV 0.006796 0.028555 0.237990 0.8121 DIVRET 0.000251 0.000413 0.609650 0.5426 R-squared 0.016612 Adjusted R-squared 0.004858 F-statistic 1.413342 Durbin-Watson stat 2.106888 Prob(F-statistic) 0.239367 The results of hypothesis test show that there is not significant relationship between bad news recognition and dividend payout. However, the hypothesis is rejected. The value of Durbin-Watson stat (2.10) shows that there is not auto-correlation problem in models residual. H1b. The timeliness of good news recognition is positively related to dividend payout. To test this hypothesis model 2 regressed for only positive return sample. The results of model regression are presented in Table 5. Table 5. Regression of timeliness of good news recognition and dividend payout Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 0.189575 0.015672 12.09624 0.0000 RET -0.000210 0.000146 -1.436260 0.1516 DIV -0.001440 0.003029 -0.475559 0.6346 DIVRET -2.30E-05 5.93E-05 -0.387659 0.6984 R-squared 0.007079 Adjusted R-squared 0.000546 F-statistic 1.083629 Durbin-Watson stat 1.803134 Prob(F-statistic) 0.355669 The results of hypothesis test show that there is not significant relationship between good news recognition and dividend payout. However, the hypothesis is rejected. The value of Durbin-Watson stat (1.80) shows that there is not auto-correlation problem in models residual. 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between accounting conservatism and dividend policy in Tehran Stock Exchange. To do so, a sample of 90 firms is selected to be studied during the period between 2004 to 2011. Basu (1997) model was extended for measuring accounting conservatism. The results show the there is not significant relationship between accounting dividend policy and conservatism in TSE. These results suggest that mangers of TSE firms do not use dividend and conservatism as a tool for reduction of agency cost at the same time. In addition, the results in detail show that not only timeliness of good news does not affect dividend policy nor timeliness of good news does. This result may be from the fact that TSE firms smooth dividend payout regardless good or bad news. On the whole, in can be suggested from the results that inferred that TSE firms do not use dividend and conservatism as a tool for reduction of agency cost at the same time, to do so.

Huntington And Mamdani s Views On Culture And Islam

Huntington and Mamdani make two very different arguments. They both make points about what causes conflict. Huntington describes his theories on a future â€Å"clash of civilizations† while Mamdani argues that 9/11 did not happen because of a clash of civilizations. Mamdani also disagrees with Huntington’s opinions on culture and Islam. Huntington believes that the world can be organized by civilizations based on culture instead of political or economic systems. Huntington focuses on two civilizations, Western civilization and Islamic civilization. Huntington believes that these civilizations will face inevitable conflict. The sources of conflict may be struggles for military, economic, and institutional power or it may come from differences in basic values and beliefs between the two cultures. Huntington states â€Å"It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural...the clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future† (Huntington, pg. 22). Mamdani says Huntington’s argument â€Å"was built around two ideas: that since the end of the Cold War ‘the iron curtain of ideology’ had been replaced by a ‘velvet curtain of culture,’ and that the velvet curtain had been drawn across ‘the bloody borders of Islam† (Mamdani, pg. 21).Show MoreRelatedMuslims After 9/112726 Words   |  11 Pagesconstantly fighting against prejudice. After September 11, media interest in Islam increased, where Islam was usually portrayed in a negative way. Before 9/11, many Muslims lived the normal, everyday life. However, the attack has changed lives of many people that belonged to the Muslim community, where they were the victims of guilt. Unfortunately, many Americans were introduced to Islam, after the 9/11 attack, thus even till today, Islam is associated with terrorism. For the past ten years, Muslims felt excludedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPublic Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political

Effects of Computer Addiction on the Academic Performance of the Students free essay sample

It is known that we are living in technological era. The computers become irreplaceable tool in everyday life of almost each person. The adult users generally use it for business purposes while youngsters for computer games. Computers became the part of our life and very important component in the spheres of the life is leisure. Nowadays, majority of young people spend their leisure time playing computer games, surfing through the internet. Computer games have become one of the favorite time-spending of young people in all ages, and even some adults and the students. With permanent development of computer technology the quality of people using computer either for working purposes or entertainment purposes is increasing speedily. There are many things that causes addiction to computer games, one reason being, is that most students just need something to occupy their time and these games do that for countless hours. Some students use computer gamings and surfings to escape their reality which can include school, work and possibly personal problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Computer Addiction on the Academic Performance of the Students or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Computer games also represent students to challenges they can overcome so they can feel a sense of accomplishments in virtual world, mistakes can be undone and time can review itself with the push of a few buttons. Computer has lots of effects on the learning of the students. For most part, research on computer addiction has its effects and disadvantages of the students. Statement of the problem 1. What are causes of computer addiction and its effects on the student learning? 2. ) What are the possible solutions in order to stop this addiction? General Objective * To know the effects of computer addiction on the school performance of the students * To find out the answer on why students get addicted to computers and find possible solutions to stop it. Hypothesis Through other activities and with the proper guidance of the parents the give to their children, their addiction on computers can be lessen Scope and Delimitation The students of the City College of Tagaytay Importance/Significance of the Research Computer addiction is still a fairly new disorder that mental health professionals are studying. Excessive computer use is a problem that can have serious repercussions in both the user and those people around him. This research can provide answers with regards to the problem, and helps to find a way on how to stop or prevent this addiction. With the gathered information, this research will possibly find solutions on the questions related to the research, (Effects of computer addiction on the academic Performance of students) Related Literature Most of our youth and students today are fond of going into internet shop to use computer, without knowledge of their parents what they are up to. They will ask money from their parents telling that they have something to search in the internet for their project or assignments, although others do so, but there are some who just make it as an alibi so that they can compete skills with their peers through playing games online like for example war craft, battle realms, DOTA etc. Since time named the microcomputer their â€Å"Man of the Year† in 1983 there has been a continued drive for public school teachers to become computer literate. A nationwide study concluded that although teachers have increased computer availability in their classrooms, they are not integrating computers into the standard curricula. The present study examined â€Å"technophobia† as an explanation for low levels of computer utilization. Elementary teachers, secondary science teachers and secondary humanities teachers in 54 schools across five urban school districts completed three measures of technophobia and a measure of demographic characteristics, computer/technology experience, computer availability, and current computer use. Results indicated that: (1) computers are available at all schools, but are not being used by many teachers; (2) many teachers are technophobic, particularly elementary teachers and secondary humanities teachers; (3) teachers are most worried about dealing with the actual computer machinery in their classroom, about computer errors, and about learning to use computers. Many people do not know how, or even when computers were first made. Even before the first electronic computers were made, many people believe that computers started with the abacus, a simple counting device. The abacus is believed to have been built in Babylon in the fourth century B. C. The First Generation of computers started in the very late 1930s. These computers were grotesquely slow, colossal in size, created much heat, used hundreds of kilowatts of power, and were about as reliable as a used up match. As time went on, these computers evolved from using vacuum tubes to transistors. Transistors mark the beginning of the Second Generation of computers in 1947.

Ludwig Van Beethoven Essays (1001 words) - Music, Classical Music

Ludwig Van Beethoven Beethoven For many people, Ludwig Van Beethoven is considered the greatest composer who ever lived and is the highest level of musical geniuses. His compositions are the expression of one of the most powerful musical personalities of all time which he exceeded above average in both areas of Classical and Romantic labeling. Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, December 16, 1770, and was baptized on December 17. His father, Johann, was a singer employed by the Elector of Cologne in Bonn. Johann married Maria Magdalena Laym, a cooks daughter. Together they had seven children of which three sons survived, Beethoven was the oldest (Colliers Encyclopedia, Beethoven). When Johanns career was threatened by alcoholism, he saw his chance to get rich by exploiting his son Beethoven as a child prodigy. He claimed Beethoven was years younger than he actually was, neglected his formal education, and made him practice his music endlessly. His attempt to get rich was a disaster and probably encouraged the bru sque and withdrawing personality Beethoven developed. Beethoven was a solo pianist and piano teacher when he was in his twenties. He was well known for his temperamental nature. He had to abandon his performing career of deafness. By this time, he was well known as a composer and was able to live by the profits of concerts and sale of his works to publishers. He was the most revered composer in all of Europe and regarded as the greatest living example of Romantic, artistic genius (McLeish, pg. 18-19). Sonate Pathetique, Opus 13 was written in 1798 and named by the composer Ludwig Van Beethoven. This Sonate was extremely romantic because of the charged first movement, while the Adagio Movement is sad, yet comforting. The third movement of the Pathetique was considered Rondo. The key of the Adagio Movement is A Flat, the submediant Key of the opening Grave section. The form is a cross between Rondo and Theme and Variations because the A or Main Theme sections have the same melody, but the accompanying parts are varied. Although Beethoven still uses the tonic-dominant relationships to start and end his first section, mm. 1-16, even ending his first theme with a perfect authentic cadence the composer begins to use keys with third relationships. The main theme is in the key of A flat, however the second theme is in the relative minor key of F minor. MM 17-23 are very pivotal in nature and by mm. 23 Beethoven has modulated to the dominant key of E flat major. The remainder of the piece gives the feeling of A flat major, although section c, mm. 36-50. contain many modulations. The coda begins in mm 66-4 through the end and contains a series of V - I cadences. The Adagio of Sonate Pathetique has been compared having a similar melodic structure and affinity of theme to the Adagio of the Ninth Symphony written during the last period almost twenty-five years later. This Adagio movement is in the singing style and demands great emotion from the performer. Although this pa rticular movement was written during Beethovens first period, the great emotion and contemplation, the peace and introspection that characterized his third period seem to be present (McLeish pg. 58-76). Beethoven had a powerful personality that awed everyone. His high-voltage personality coupled with his high-voltage genius, Beethoven was able to live his life on his own terms in everything except his deafness. He was only 5 feet, 4 inches, broad, with a large head, lots of hair, protruding-teeth, a small nose and a bad habit of spitting. He was clumsy, sullen and suspicious, touchy, forgetful, and prone to rages of temper. As a bachelor, he was incredibly messy and had no servants because they would not put up with him (Schonberg, pg. 110-111). In 1802 Beethoven was told his deafness was incurable. This knowledge caused a violent change in his character which brought about a big change in his music. The boisterousness of his youth turned into a mature artist pondering and placing e ach effect. Many of Beethovens most popular works date from this time. The Emperor Piano Concerto, the Violin Concerto, the Third to Seventh Symphonies, the Razumovsky were composed at this

Organization and Key Performance Indicators Greenpeace

Organization and Key Performance Indicators Greenpeace Greenpeace is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that focuses on global environmental issues. The NGO uses â€Å"none combative approaches and creative confrontations in its quests for green solutions and a peaceful future† (source: https://www.greenpeace.org/international/). Greenpeace strives at ensuring that the â€Å"Earth nurtures life in all its diversities† (source: https://www.greenpeace.org/international/).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organization and Key Performance Indicators: Greenpeace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, it aims at protecting biodiversity in all its forms, prevent pollution and abuses of the Earth’s natural resources, eliminate all nuclear threats, and enhance peace, global disarmament, and non-violence. Greenpeace Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) relate to areas of Human Resources (HR), communications, and volunteer relations. In the HR department, KPI s include compensation, rewards, and benefit plans, recruitment, employee orientation, administrative tasks, employee relations, and level of engagement or satisfaction among employees and volunteers. Administrative duties including managing personnel files, update organizational charts, participation in employee meetings, review employees’ information for wrongful entries. Recruitment indicators covers areas of finding qualified staff, application forms have correct details, accurate posting of vacancies, and recruits go through all areas of pre-employment procedures. Employee orientation includes arrange for orientation trainings, educate new hires on organizational culture, and get information regarding wages, benefits, rewards, and payroll. KPIs also include induction and signing of codes of conduct, and monitoring of acceptable trainings.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF L earn More Compensation KPIs entail processing of payroll with no mistakes, check areas of overtime, account for paid leave days, and analyses of vacation benefits. In addition, there is also demonstration of knowledge of the organizational compensation policy, and motivational aims. Employees and volunteer relations cover areas of promotion of teamwork, management of conflict, responses from the HR department regarding queries, and both employees and volunteers willing to demonstrate a sense of cooperation and retention. In the area of volunteer relations, KPIs cover office assistances, hours of inputs in campaigns, number of copies translated from English to French, the number of volunteers involved in fundraising, campaigns, and volunteers that have completed their schedules successfully. Communication department KPIs includes public relations, advertisement, promotion, and e-promotions. SMART Goals for the Organization and the chosen departments We begin by identification of goals that are crucial for the success of the organization. Goals reflect the desired outcome Greenpeace wants to accomplish or achieve in the future. These goals are tactical in nature as they define short-term aims from specific organizational departments. They aim at motivating the staff and increase the level of commitment, offer guidance, and provide a platform for monitoring and measuring performance (Barton, 2000). Goal definition within an organization provides opportunities for conceptualization the way forward for the organization. Consequently, it enables responsible departments to develop and master the future direction of the organization. This is a means of assuring stakeholders that the organization will achieve its mission within a specific period. Scholars recommend that goals should meet some defined criteria that those responsible for their monitoring and measurement can use to gauge such goals (Barton, 2000). Most organizations have adopted the SMART approach to define and evaluate their goals. Goals must identify the mission and stakeholders of the organization. SMART goals help the organization identify appropriate KPIs for measuring achievements towards such goals. Identification of SMART goals in the organization helps the organization defines a path of serving its mission and creating value to various stakeholders involved. KPIs usually monitor and measure the organizational SMART goals identified in any department (Davis, 2009). In this context, the goals must demonstrate certain characteristics such as specific, quantifiable, attainable, reasonable, and timely.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organization and Key Performance Indicators: Greenpeace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, we must apply SMART principle to any goal that relates to KPIs. We shall have SMART goals for the organization in HR, communications, and employees and volunteer engagement and sat isfaction rate. At the same time, there shall be three KPIs for the goals that we seek to improve. These goals take into account impacts of KPIs on every indicator, and abilities of both employees and volunteers to execute them successfully. Therefore, the organization has full control over the goals. In the HR department, we seek to look at HR department response to queries from employees and volunteers. We have noticed that the HR department takes longer than usually to respond to both volunteers and employees’ queries. Thus, we have identified SMART goal to monitor and measure performance for improvement purposes. We seek to increase the rate of responding to queries by the HR department from 72 hours to 24 hours between June 2012 and December 2012. This represents a 33 percent increment in the rate of response. In employee and volunteer engagement, we seek to know the overall level of both employees’ and volunteers’ satisfaction and engagement with the organ izational work aspect of eliminating nuclear threats. Thus, the goal is to enhance the level of both employees’ and volunteers’ engagement in work aspect of eliminating nuclear threats from the current 10 percent to 25 percent by the end of the year 2012. This represents a 15 percent increment in six months. Greenpeace work aspects depend on communication. Thus, setting goals for communication is fundamental for success of the organizational mission. The goal is to enhance the use of social, and trendy media platform for campaigns in promoting the green future from the current 40 percent to 70 percent by the end of the year 2012. This reflects an increase of 30 percent in a period of six months. Increased Accountability Explanation of how Smart goals will enhance performance, transparency, and accountability including supporting strategies that demonstrate how to reach the goal The primary aims of organizational goals are to motivate employees and volunteers. Thus, goa ls should demonstrate ambition but not serve the purpose of demoralization. Goals for measuring performance must show elements of action e.g. increase, and highlight areas of time lines, rating, and quantities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These goals are relevant to departments and are specific in terms of areas of focus. This approach attempts to align goals with specific departments and in turn the organizational mission. For instance, Greenpeace aims at increasing the level of employees and volunteers’ involvement in achieving the goal of eliminating threats of nuclear activities by 15 percent within six months. Time and end periods enable employees and volunteers to know when they should achieve their goals. Thus, employees and volunteers no longer see such goals as suggestions but real. The department should measure goals and performance using job appraisal processes. The specific nature of goals enables easy evaluation of the achievements against set targets. Studies show that a yearly performance review tends to have low levels of effectiveness due to longer durations. This explains why we set Greenpeace goals within six months. This reduces possibilities of referring to goals when appraisal period appr oaches. Short-term goals enable employees and volunteers focus on their activities of the day and avoid distraction to achieve both individual and departmental goals. Goals also promote accountability and engage employees and volunteers in productive activities for the organization. Greenpeace goals are SMART. This is one approach of enhancing accountability in measurement and performance. Employees and volunteers must set SMART goals for their respective departments. The department must capture all SMART elements in every goal that it aims to measure. Departments must identify specific areas such as time, quantities, rates, and names of indicators so as to reduce complexities associated with defining goals. In fact, employees, departmental heads, and volunteers should give the name of the goal, its detailed description, milestones, means of gauging outcomes, commencing date, and date when it is due. The department must set priorities for attainment of its goals. In cases where ther e are competing priorities, the department must identify the most crucial goal for its success. Consequently, it must focus its resources and effort in order to attain such goals. For instance, Greenpeace communication department must prioritize popular and emerging social media so that it can reach that segment of populations instead of relying on print communications. Both employees and volunteers must comprehend the value of each goal and levels of competency they require. Prioritization enhances decision-making in cases of scarce resources. The department should also create a means of reminding employees and volunteers about goals and their components such as due dates and milestones achieved and gaps. This improves transparency and accountability. SMART goals tend to align both the workforce and organizational goals in order to achieve organizational mission. Most studies have demonstrated that, employees who understand how their daily inputs contribute to the overall mission o f the organization are more accountable than their counterparts who lack such knowledge. Therefore, for improved performance, accountability, and transparency, employees and volunteers must understand that their individual contributions do matter to the organization. The department should communicate to its workforce through setting goals at slightly higher levels and then distribute the targets to the workforce. The idea of distribution enables every staff conceptualizes how an individuals efforts are necessary for Greenpeace to achieve its overall goals. It also enables every staff track his or her achievements and current status. This enhances a sense of accountability in the department. Accountability, transparency, and performance go together. People tend to perform tasks best when there is a supervisor or when they can easily identify effects of their contributions in an organization. Therefore, the department should provide tools to enable its workforce monitor and communicat e their progress. The organization can implement technological innovation that can assist employees monitor their progress through employees’ portal or in the organizational intranet. Such applications provide summaries of what an individual should deliver, time, and the gaps left. This provides opportunities for employees and volunteers to keep their team leaders up-to-date with their performance statuses. Managers can have unlimited access to their direct reports performances. At the same time, the executives can also access such reports and can also send their feedback to individuals who directly contribute to organizational goals. Such levels of monitoring enhance accountability, transparency and improve performance among employees. Likewise, the management can redirect resource to areas that need attention so as to enable everyone account for their performances. How the planning process and establishment of SMART goals and increased accountability among employees will le ad to a better employee (and volunteer) retention and increased employee morale Performance management using SMART goals to enhance both employees and volunteers morale and retention is not an easy task. Thus, several skills and training are necessary among departmental managers. Training is necessary to enable managers feel confident about tasks before them. This is useful in cases where some management team may be newly promoted. According to MacMillan, managers must â€Å"understand human behavior, how to motivate, how to develop, provide coaching, and handle conflict† (MacMillan, 2012). Managers play significant roles in observing and managing the prevailing circumstances, offer motivation, and manage issues that may interfere with implementation of SMART goals. Enhancing morale and motivation implies that managers must understand individual differences of the workforce such as abilities, experiences, and support needed. Thus, preparing managers for planning, implementati on of SMART goals, evaluation, and provisions of feedback will lead to goal achievements, employee motivation, and retention. The organization should also link â€Å"SMART goals, performance with rewards and recognition† (MacMillan, 2012). Performance management should be fair, transparent, and equitable so that employees can believe in the process. Rewards, benefits, and compensation should be consistent throughout the organization. Consistency ensures that there is transparency and accountability and in turn enhances employees’ satisfaction with the goals and job. Organizations that link their â€Å"compensation procedures with performance must be critical of this issue† (MacMillan, 2012). The organization should have consistent and fair compensation policy across all departments. Thus, any deviation may lead to dissatisfaction and reduced morale and motivation among employees. How the overall plan will better enable the organization to fulfill its mission A b etter implementation of SMART goals for achieving Greenpeace mission of green and peaceful future starts with performance planning. SMART goals are the basis for performance planning. SMART goals have actionable plan that will guide both employees and volunteers work towards achievements of the organization overall mission. Achieving the mission through SMART goals should be a collaborative process among management teams, employees, and volunteers. Every target element must have a clear description and realistic expectation. Planning processes must identify both long-term and short goals that work towards achievement of organizational mission. At the same time, there should be clear implementation strategy on how each department shall attain its objectives. Every department must prioritize its goals. There should also be a clear and detailed method of evaluation. Greenpeace must also identify factors that may hinder it from achieving its SMART goals. Organization should offer traini ng, motivation, and mentoring to overcome any issues that concern employees or volunteers such as behavior, attitude, skills, or knowledge. The departments must carry out regular monitoring, assessment, and solve issues that may hinder SMART goals for achieving organization mission. There can also be changes in direction, reallocation of resources, and training during implementation stages. Communications and feedback are crucial during these stages so as to enhance continuous improvement of the team. Mission aim should be an ongoing process in the organization. Processes of planning, setting SMART goals, performance planning, monitoring, feedback, and continuous training are mandatory for achieving the mission of the organization. These processes also provide opportunities for the organization to identify any gaps that may affect progresses. There should be full participation of all members of the organization so that teamwork can deliver the mission. References Barton, R. (2000). Organizational Goal Setting and Planning. Murray, KY: Murray State University. Davis, J. (2009). Managing and Achieving Organizational Goals. New York, NY: American Management Association. MacMillan, A. (2012). Importance of Performance Management Process Best Practices To Optimize Monitoring Performance Work Reviews/Feedback and Goal Management. Raising the Bar on Performance Management Process, 1, 1- 6.

Systems And Operations Management At Atokowa Essay

Systems And Operations Management At Atokowa - Essay Example Each organization has certain business objectives which are pursued through the operations of the organization. The success of an organization depends upon the efficiency of its decision making process and the execution of its operations. The systems and operations management in the organization helps the organization in achieving its objectives (Kolli 2000). The information system of the organization helps the organization collect and manage the information that is required for effective decision making and the operations management of the organization helps the organization conduct its operations in an effective and efficient manner (Slack & Johnston 2004). If the operations of an organization are performed effectively and efficiently, the organization would acquire its business objectives more easily. In order to make the operations of an organization efficient, the organization shall give high importance to the operations management (Greasley, 1999). ... There are numerous retail outlets being run by the company. The company also offers a facility to deliver stationery and office supplier directly to the organizations. The company also offers customized printing for organizations. The business of the company was initially established as photocopying business which later extended towards printing. The company prints; brochures, flyers, letterheads, business cards, compliments slips, memo slips, fax headers and NCR pads. The products by Atokowa are marketed to two distinct types of customers; the individual customers and the business customers. The retail outlets by the company offer products to both the individual customers and the businesses at the same time. The businesses make a significant proportion of the overall customer base of the organization. SYSTEMS AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT AT ATOKOWA From the study done on Atokowa, it can be inferred that the current systems management of the company does not provide sufficient and accur ate information regarding the type of market that generates most revenue. In order to make effective decisions, it is highly important for any organization to have complete and accurate information regarding its operations. The operations being conducted at Atokowa are also very complex. Invoices are generated after a complex formal procedure and the discounts are offered after significantly extensive paper work. In order to make the operations management at Atokowa more effective and efficient, the company may need to modify its existing information system that is called ASIS. The information system is outdated and with the introduction of new technology, the company may need to apply new information system in its organizational structure.

Feeding 9 Billion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Feeding 9 Billion - Essay Example Various sources through which greenhouse gases are emitted include trains, airplanes, cars, trucks and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from factories among others. Currently, agriculture is determined to be the prime factor responsible for global warming due to augmented emission of methane and carbon dioxide. Additionally, agriculture is one of the major factors accountable for global warming for growing demand of food (Nationalgeographic, 2014). Global warming has been adversely affecting the environmental conditions of the earth owing to increased temperature along with changing climatic scenario. Presently, agriculture is considered to be the leading factor accountable for global warming due to increased food requirement for the growing population. Agricultural activities have been emitting greenhouse gases in an increased manner in the form of methane gases from cattle as well as rice farms. Fertilized fields are also identified to release nitrous oxide and additionally, carbon dioxide is released from deforestation of rain forest for raising livestock and growing crops. Agriculture is required to be provided with adequate water supplies for farming operations. Contextually, farming operations are one of the prime sources of water polluter as rivers, coastal ecosystems and fragile lakes are polluted with manure as well as fertilizers. In this regard, agriculture has been recognized to adversely affect biodiversity owing to deforestation and extinction of wildlife (Brown & Sovacool, 2011; Mohr, 2005). Contextually, agriculture poses diverse challenges and threats for the environment due to increased population rate and growing demand of food. Subsequently, agriculture is used in an imminences manner to meet the growing demand for food by the augmented pollution. In this respect, in order to meet the increased food demand of the global population, agricultural

Biblical allusion Essay Example for Free

Biblical allusion Essay The Stranger, Shawshank Redemption Existentialism The philosophy of Existentialism described in The Stranger by Albert Camus, and Shawkshank Redemption by Stephen King and Frank Darabont.What is unique about these two stories is the fact that the veiwer can view Existentialism in the lives of two men who are opposite in personality, yet do similar actions. Even though there are many varietes of existentialism can be categorized into six major themes: existence before essence, reason is impotent to deal with the depths of human life, alienation or estrangement, fear and trembling anxiety, the encounter with nothingness, and freedom. Both stories contain much of this existence before essence which in simple terms means we gotta live we cant just is. Like in the beginning of the two stories both characters expressed the same bland and dull emotion. When Andy Dufresne, Shawshank, was at his trial and when he arrived at the prison for being accused of murdering his wife and lover. The emotion that he expressed was as if at the time he was simply ising and not living. Similar to that of Monsieur Meursault or M. from The Stranger, who also showed the exact emotion for when his mother died and his trial later on. These examples are probably the best because it clearly shows that at the time, they didnt really care about anything in life which is what existence before essence is. Other prime examples would be when M. and marie are getting ready to leave for the beach, Marie is all cheerful and excited, while M. doesnt look very thrilled (pg.47). For Andy, it would be when he was getting sexually assualted his first two years in prison. At the time even though he resisted a few times, he still didnt know his purpose in life. Even though they sound similar there was one thing that made them different and that was that when M. was to be executed he was fine with it because he had the mentality of my life is now meaningless. While for Andy, if he didnt do what the warden said, he was going to the hardest of time than anyone else. Andy had much time to think about his next move. One day while speaking with ,Red his best friend, he said to him get busy livin or get busy dyin' Andy managed to escape that same day. During the opening scene of the film, Andy was shown sitting in his car in  front of what was believed to be his wifes lovers house. At this time Andy was destroyed by the fact that his wife had been cheating on him and takes his gun and bullets out of his cars glove compartment. Without any thought we then see Andy get out of his car and smash a bottle of liqour and then see him make his way to the house. After that the scene fades out and leaves us wondering if Andy really did shoot them both out of grief. This leaves us off that Andys emotions got the best of him instead of sitting down and reasoning with what approach he should take for his current situation. Raymond friend of M, had done a similar action. Raymond too committed a crime of passion for when he beats his girlfriend for also believing she was cheating on him. Instead of confronting her about it, he instead beats her like a punching bag and pays the price. In my opinion this probably the greatest example for reason is impotent to deal with the depths of human because it happens so often and its easy to understand. M. the perfect person to think of when talking about one who alienates himself. M. was an interesting fellow because he hated to be around people, but at the same time loved to watch society from hisbalcony with wine and a cigarette in hand. There were countless times when he just perfered to be alone, awkwardly enough that was one of the main reasons he didnt mind being in jail. Even at his own mothers death, instead of sitting next to her friends from the Home, he sat across from them and just hated the idea that they were some sort of jury judging him. Andy too isolated himself from the other inmates when he first arrives to jail. Smart of him to do so. The last thing you want to do is piss someone off while youre in the same place as them 24/7. But once he got the hang of how things worked, Andy was more social and interactive in his new home. Old Salamano, friend and neighbor of M. was so scared for his dog who was missing. Salamano was scared and nevous for his old companion, he had no one else in his life besides his best friend. the thought of the police getting a hold of him made matters even worse, Salamano knew the dog was in terrible condition and if someone were to find him they would just kill him. Thoughts like these are what makes people go mad and end up committing suicide just like Brooks, from Shawshank. Brooks, an elderly man who had spent most of  his lifetime behind bars finally got the news he had been wanting for a very long time, his release date. When Brooks first got news of his release he feared of the outside world. He had been locked up for so long that he ended up depending on the walls themselves. With such fear and anxiety of the thought of him leaving everything he knows and loves, he gets a sharp object and about kills a man just so he can be there longer. Eventually his friends talk him out of it and ends up leaving. Later on we see Brooks depressed and ends up hanging himself in his apartment building. The encounter with nothingness, people who feel that are left with nothing. The reason why M. was ok with his execution. M. had felt as if there was just nothing for him to be in the world and was ok with his death. Throughout the time of the death of his mother M. has this what is left attitude. Even Andy, pondering his thoughts while he was thrown in the hole for two months. Wondering what he would have left if he didnt obey the warden. Throughout movie and part of the book it has that feel of once youre in prison you dont really have anything left, they practically own everything about you. Freedom, the word that has many meanings. Freedom can mean a variety of things but for the movie it meant escaping jail for the most part. As for Brooks, freedom meant finally being at peace with himself. For Andy, it meant escaping that terrible place and following his long dream of going to Zihuantanejo and opening a small hotel. Even if it meant that he had to escape throught a 500 yard long sewer. Red, the man who thought he would never see the outside world again, saw freedom when he walked out the gates of Shawshank and met up with long time friend, Andy. As for M. it meant dying also. M. felt that he was never going to be free until he took full responsibility for his actions and faced death. For this Existentialism can be seen in many ways, fashions, symbols and through innovations in conventional form.

The Impact of European Diseases in the New World Essay -- American Ame

The Impact of European Diseases in the New World If science has taught us anything, it is that one event invariably effects countless others. This is no more evident than when a species is introduced into a new environment. Once a foreign species finds itself in new surroundings, it can either die or adapt. Often, these introduced species take over the environment, irrevocably changing it to fit their needs. This usually leads to a serious deteriorating in the well being of species currently existing there. Such is the case as when the Europeans introduced themselves to the New World. The new arrivals not only brought themselves, their technologies, and ways of life, but, most disastrously, their diseases arrived as well. When the Europeans crossed the Atlantic, they not only fought and killed many natives; they slaughtered countless more without even knowing it, signing the death warrants of millions simply by meeting . The real detrimental effect to the Indians was their exposure to the diseases inadvertently brought over by the colonists; these "most hideous enemies†¦invisible killers which those men brought in their blood and breath." (Stannard, xii) The effect of these diseases in the New World (and in fact, many diseases have in general) is rather ironic. The pathogens that cause disease are not out to kill anything, quite the opposite. The whole purpose for anything existing in this world is to pass its genetic material on to offspring. This concept is called fitness. For an organism to be optimally fit, it must survive so it can successfully multiply as often as it can, creating numerous kin so that its genes will live on generations past its own death. For viruses to live, they need a host. They infect an org... ... Stannard, David, E. 1992. American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press. 385pp Cowley, Geoffrey. 1992. "The Great Disease Migration." Newsweek. Fall/Winter, vol. 118. Pg. 54(3) Crosby, Alfred, W. 1986. Ecological Imperialism. Cambridge University Press. 368pp Meltzer, David J. 1992. "How Columbus sickened the New World." New Scientist, Oct. 10. Vol.136, pg.38 (4) Linton, Alan. 1982. Microbes, Man and Animals: The Natural History of Microbial Interactions. John Wiley & Sons. 342pp Sale, Kirkpatrick. 1991. The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. Plume. 453pp. Unknown, Discover Staff. 1996. "The origin of Syphilis." Discover. October. Vol. 17, n10, pg23 (3) Glick, J, Schaffer, C. 1991. "The Indian Homeland." U.S. News and World Report. July 8, vol.111, n2, pg26 (6)

History of Tattoos Essay

In today’s world, it is not uncommon to see people covered in all types of body art, such as tattoos. Arms, legs, sometimes even faces, all painted with permanent ink. For what reason, some people ask. What’s the point having words, designs, or pictures permanently drawn onto your skin? I personally love tattoos; they’re an artistic way for people to express who they are and their originality. Tattoos are a way for people to showcase their inner differences. But the question is, where did tattooing start, and why? The word tattoo originates from the Tahitian word tattau, which means, â€Å"to mark.† An explorer James Cook, in his records from his 1769 expedition to the South Pacific, first mentioned this word. However, many scientists believe that the earliest known evidence of tattooing dates back 3300 B.C. due to 59 markings found on the skin of a mummified human body known as The Iceman (Demand Media Inc.). In 2160 B.C., tattooing became prevalent in Egypt. Several mummies displaying lines and dots tattooed all over their bodies have been recovered that date to as early as the XI Dynasty. Though these people had been mummified for thousands of years, the tattoo markings were still completely visible (Hemingson). The main reasons for these Egyptian tattoos are to connect with the Divine (like god, or God); as a tribute or act of sacrifice to a deity; as a talisman, a permanent amulet that cannot be los; or to provide magical or medical protection (Hemingson). Around 700 B.C. Ancient Greeks and Romans began tattooing, but for an entirely different reason. The use of tattoos, or â€Å"stigmata† (marks upon the body, sores, or sensations of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ), were mainly used to mark someone as â€Å"belonging† either as a slave to an owner or to a religious sect or sometimes even as a disciplinary measure to mark people as criminals (Designboom). When the dynasty of Macedonian Greek monarchs ruled Egypt, the pharaoh Ptolemy IV was said to have had ivy leaves tattooed on himself. These leaves symbolized his devotion to the Greek god of wine, Dionysus. This fashion was also adopted by Roman soldiers, which then spread across the Roman Empire (Famento). During the rise of Christianity in 600 B.C., there was a widespread temporary standstill to tattooing in the Middle East and Europe. Saint Basil the Great, one of the most notable doctors of the Christian Church, warned: â€Å"No man shall let his hair grow long or tattoo himself as do the heathen, those apostles of Satan who make themselves despicable by indulging in lewd and lascivious thoughts. Do not associate with those who mark themselves with thorns and needles so that their blood flows to the earth† (Hemingson). During the gradual process of Christianization in Europe, tattoos were often considered remaining elements of paganism and generally legally prohibited. In the years 306-373, the Christian emperor Constantine completely banned tattoos. He felt that tattoos disfigured what was made in God’s image (Hemingson). Though this ban of tattoos was very powerful, it couldn’t completely eliminate tattooing from Europe or the Middle East. Tattooing worked its way back into these two religions between 500-1500 by holy pilgrims. During the Middle Ages, people would go on pilgrimages to the Holy Land, and the only proof that they had actually been there would be the tattoos they received from the Coptic priests. The basic tattoo the pilgrims usually returned with was a simple cross, but the more outgoing people returned with portraits of historical events from the bible inked into their skin (Hemingson). The earliest reference to British royalty being tattooed was King Harold II sometime between 1022 and1066. After King Harold II was killed in the Battle of Hastings, the only way his sister Edith could pick out which body was his was from the words ‘Edith’ and ‘England’ that were tattooed upon his chest (History of Tattooing). Tattooing started evolving into a form of art in the 1600’s. The Japanese word irezumi refers to the insertion of ink to the skin leaving a permanent, decorative mark, which in other words, means tattooing in how we see it today. Tattooed marks were still used as a punishment during this time, but there were fads of decorative tattoos coming and going throughout the years. The release of the popular Chinese novel Suikoden, a story of bravery illustrated with extravagant woodblock prints demonstrating heroic men with their bodies permanently painted with mythical creatures, flowers, and other images, inspired many people to get tattoos similar to what they had seen. Woodblock artists began tattooing their designs onto human flesh just the same as they would create their woodblock prints, using chisels, gouges, and ink known as Nara ink. This ink turns blue-green underneath the skin (Irezumi). Between 1766 and 1779, Captain James Cook voyaged out into the South Pacific three times After these voyages to Polynesia, Cook and his crew told stories of people covered in tattoos that they had seen, referring to them as â€Å"tattooed savages†. Cook’s Science Officer, Sr. Joseph Banks, returned to England with a tattoo. Many of Cook’s ordinary men came back with tattoos, a tradition that soon became associated with men of the sea. These sailors and seamen re-introduced Europe to tattooing (History of Tattooing). As soldiers and sailors began returning home from conquest and trade wearing tattoos in various places on their bodies in the early 1800’s, tattooing starting to become very popular among Western societies. These men had imitated the tattooing practices they had witnessed from the people of Asia, Africa, and the South Pacific. Ordinary working class men wore tattoos on their body to symbolize their pride (Hemingson). Also in the early 1800’s, doctors and others in the medical field began voicing their concerns of tattooing. Many doctors felt that tattoos could cause many complications to ones well-being. A leading doctor wrote about a woman who had died from an infection caused by a tattoo in 1837. In 1853 a physician reported the first case in which syphilis was transmitted by tattooing. Back in these days, tattoo artists had no knowledge that using the same needles for multiple customers without cleaning them spreads diseases. It wasn’t uncommon to clean off a fresh tattoo with saliva, tobacco juice, or even urine (Hemingson). Several tattoo artists found jobs in Washington DC during the Civil War. A man who was German born, Martin Hildebrandt, started his tattooing career in 1846 and was considered the best tattoo artist at that time. He tattooed military members from both Union and Confederate camps. In 1870, the first American tattoo studio was opened by Hildebrandt (Hemingson). Samuel O’Reily opened tattoo studio in 1875. During this time, tattoos were done by hand, using needles attached to a wooden handle. The tattoo artist would dip the needles in ink and move their hand up and down, puncturing the skin with 2-3 needles per second. Tattooing by hand was a very slow process, and required good manual skill. Since O’Reily was not only a great tattoo artist, but also a mechanic and technician, he began to work on a machine that could help speed up the tattooing process. O’Reily created a hand-held machine where the needles could move up and down automatically. This invention made tattooing as fluent as drawing. In 1981 O’Reily patented his invention and offered it for sale. Tattooing in the US was revolutionized over night. Sailors lined up to be tattooed by O’Reily and his apprentice Charles Wagner. At this point in time, over 80% of the US Navy was tattooed (Hemginson). During the Holocaust in 1939, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos at the Auschwitz concentration camp complex. Over 400,000 prisoners were assigned a serial number and branded, or tattooed, with that number (History of Tattooing). In 1961, New York City banned tattoos and tattoo parlors due to a hepatitis outbreak. This ban wasn’t lifted until 1997. Recently, many towns in New Jersey have removed the bans to avoid legal challenges and have applied rules to regulate tattooing (James). Starting in the 1990’s, tattoos had started being linked to the American fine art world. The number of academy trained artists entering the tattooing profession seemed to be growing each year, doubling since the 1980’s. Art schools and programs started turning out more trained artists than the mainstream art world could absorb, so many art school graduates migrated towards the tattooing industry (Hemingson). It is apparent that tattooing has been widely practiced in all parts of the globe, dating back to ancient times. Throughout history, tattooing, as well as other types of body art, has been related to religion, emotions, inner expression, and even punishment. Tattooing has occurred and still occurs in cultures everywhere and is widely popular in todays American society.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 971 Words

Throughout the years, authors have been influential figures in society who push change through the use of their novels. Usually they shed light on topics that are not well discussed and/or try to correct a social norm which is unjust. In Mark Twain’s classic The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, slavery and racism are portrayed in a humorous light through the eyes of a child. Twain could have narrated his own story about critiquing American society, but when he uses Huck to recount, he is given the freedom to write about the obvious injustices of slavery and racial discrimination which, the South shied away from. Twain utilizes satire throughout the novel to mock the norms of society throughout the many amusing experiences Huck has with†¦show more content†¦This illustrates the fact that even though Ms. Watson is a â€Å"good christian women† she still believes that owning another human being and considering them as property is alright in the eyes of the bible. T wain uses satire to show how hypocritical a good Christian woman can be when it comes to owning slaves and treating them as property. Later on in the book Pap goes on a unintelligent ran on how the government is corrupt and how â€Å"free nigger there, from ohio†(Twain 27), is allowed to vote even though it is obvious that the man has had more education than Pap. In this scene, Twain attacks the ignorance of a man in this time period, and showing how uncultured he is. He does this with Pap because Huck s father is simpleminded. Another key example of satire in the novel is the Sherburn-Boggs incident. Boggs enters the story and says that he has come kill Sherburn for some reason. The situation escalates and Boggs is shot and killed. The townspeople become furious and form a mob to lynch Sherburn. The townspeople arrive at Sherburn’s home, and he is sitting on the roof with a rifle. Sherburn states how the whole crowd is a coward for being in a mob wanting to lynch a ma n. The mob eventually disperses and Huck adds that â€Å"... the pitifulest thing out is a mob† (Twain 142). Twain mocks Southern bravery and the justice system. An example that really shows Hucks innocences and