The Impact of European Diseases in the New World Essay -- American Ame

The Impact of European Diseases in the New World If science has taught us anything, it is that one event invariably effects countless others. This is no more evident than when a species is introduced into a new environment. Once a foreign species finds itself in new surroundings, it can either die or adapt. Often, these introduced species take over the environment, irrevocably changing it to fit their needs. This usually leads to a serious deteriorating in the well being of species currently existing there. Such is the case as when the Europeans introduced themselves to the New World. The new arrivals not only brought themselves, their technologies, and ways of life, but, most disastrously, their diseases arrived as well. When the Europeans crossed the Atlantic, they not only fought and killed many natives; they slaughtered countless more without even knowing it, signing the death warrants of millions simply by meeting . The real detrimental effect to the Indians was their exposure to the diseases inadvertently brought over by the colonists; these "most hideous enemies†¦invisible killers which those men brought in their blood and breath." (Stannard, xii) The effect of these diseases in the New World (and in fact, many diseases have in general) is rather ironic. The pathogens that cause disease are not out to kill anything, quite the opposite. The whole purpose for anything existing in this world is to pass its genetic material on to offspring. This concept is called fitness. For an organism to be optimally fit, it must survive so it can successfully multiply as often as it can, creating numerous kin so that its genes will live on generations past its own death. For viruses to live, they need a host. They infect an org... ... Stannard, David, E. 1992. American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press. 385pp Cowley, Geoffrey. 1992. "The Great Disease Migration." Newsweek. Fall/Winter, vol. 118. Pg. 54(3) Crosby, Alfred, W. 1986. Ecological Imperialism. Cambridge University Press. 368pp Meltzer, David J. 1992. "How Columbus sickened the New World." New Scientist, Oct. 10. Vol.136, pg.38 (4) Linton, Alan. 1982. Microbes, Man and Animals: The Natural History of Microbial Interactions. John Wiley & Sons. 342pp Sale, Kirkpatrick. 1991. The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. Plume. 453pp. Unknown, Discover Staff. 1996. "The origin of Syphilis." Discover. October. Vol. 17, n10, pg23 (3) Glick, J, Schaffer, C. 1991. "The Indian Homeland." U.S. News and World Report. July 8, vol.111, n2, pg26 (6)

History of Tattoos Essay

In today’s world, it is not uncommon to see people covered in all types of body art, such as tattoos. Arms, legs, sometimes even faces, all painted with permanent ink. For what reason, some people ask. What’s the point having words, designs, or pictures permanently drawn onto your skin? I personally love tattoos; they’re an artistic way for people to express who they are and their originality. Tattoos are a way for people to showcase their inner differences. But the question is, where did tattooing start, and why? The word tattoo originates from the Tahitian word tattau, which means, â€Å"to mark.† An explorer James Cook, in his records from his 1769 expedition to the South Pacific, first mentioned this word. However, many scientists believe that the earliest known evidence of tattooing dates back 3300 B.C. due to 59 markings found on the skin of a mummified human body known as The Iceman (Demand Media Inc.). In 2160 B.C., tattooing became prevalent in Egypt. Several mummies displaying lines and dots tattooed all over their bodies have been recovered that date to as early as the XI Dynasty. Though these people had been mummified for thousands of years, the tattoo markings were still completely visible (Hemingson). The main reasons for these Egyptian tattoos are to connect with the Divine (like god, or God); as a tribute or act of sacrifice to a deity; as a talisman, a permanent amulet that cannot be los; or to provide magical or medical protection (Hemingson). Around 700 B.C. Ancient Greeks and Romans began tattooing, but for an entirely different reason. The use of tattoos, or â€Å"stigmata† (marks upon the body, sores, or sensations of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ), were mainly used to mark someone as â€Å"belonging† either as a slave to an owner or to a religious sect or sometimes even as a disciplinary measure to mark people as criminals (Designboom). When the dynasty of Macedonian Greek monarchs ruled Egypt, the pharaoh Ptolemy IV was said to have had ivy leaves tattooed on himself. These leaves symbolized his devotion to the Greek god of wine, Dionysus. This fashion was also adopted by Roman soldiers, which then spread across the Roman Empire (Famento). During the rise of Christianity in 600 B.C., there was a widespread temporary standstill to tattooing in the Middle East and Europe. Saint Basil the Great, one of the most notable doctors of the Christian Church, warned: â€Å"No man shall let his hair grow long or tattoo himself as do the heathen, those apostles of Satan who make themselves despicable by indulging in lewd and lascivious thoughts. Do not associate with those who mark themselves with thorns and needles so that their blood flows to the earth† (Hemingson). During the gradual process of Christianization in Europe, tattoos were often considered remaining elements of paganism and generally legally prohibited. In the years 306-373, the Christian emperor Constantine completely banned tattoos. He felt that tattoos disfigured what was made in God’s image (Hemingson). Though this ban of tattoos was very powerful, it couldn’t completely eliminate tattooing from Europe or the Middle East. Tattooing worked its way back into these two religions between 500-1500 by holy pilgrims. During the Middle Ages, people would go on pilgrimages to the Holy Land, and the only proof that they had actually been there would be the tattoos they received from the Coptic priests. The basic tattoo the pilgrims usually returned with was a simple cross, but the more outgoing people returned with portraits of historical events from the bible inked into their skin (Hemingson). The earliest reference to British royalty being tattooed was King Harold II sometime between 1022 and1066. After King Harold II was killed in the Battle of Hastings, the only way his sister Edith could pick out which body was his was from the words ‘Edith’ and ‘England’ that were tattooed upon his chest (History of Tattooing). Tattooing started evolving into a form of art in the 1600’s. The Japanese word irezumi refers to the insertion of ink to the skin leaving a permanent, decorative mark, which in other words, means tattooing in how we see it today. Tattooed marks were still used as a punishment during this time, but there were fads of decorative tattoos coming and going throughout the years. The release of the popular Chinese novel Suikoden, a story of bravery illustrated with extravagant woodblock prints demonstrating heroic men with their bodies permanently painted with mythical creatures, flowers, and other images, inspired many people to get tattoos similar to what they had seen. Woodblock artists began tattooing their designs onto human flesh just the same as they would create their woodblock prints, using chisels, gouges, and ink known as Nara ink. This ink turns blue-green underneath the skin (Irezumi). Between 1766 and 1779, Captain James Cook voyaged out into the South Pacific three times After these voyages to Polynesia, Cook and his crew told stories of people covered in tattoos that they had seen, referring to them as â€Å"tattooed savages†. Cook’s Science Officer, Sr. Joseph Banks, returned to England with a tattoo. Many of Cook’s ordinary men came back with tattoos, a tradition that soon became associated with men of the sea. These sailors and seamen re-introduced Europe to tattooing (History of Tattooing). As soldiers and sailors began returning home from conquest and trade wearing tattoos in various places on their bodies in the early 1800’s, tattooing starting to become very popular among Western societies. These men had imitated the tattooing practices they had witnessed from the people of Asia, Africa, and the South Pacific. Ordinary working class men wore tattoos on their body to symbolize their pride (Hemingson). Also in the early 1800’s, doctors and others in the medical field began voicing their concerns of tattooing. Many doctors felt that tattoos could cause many complications to ones well-being. A leading doctor wrote about a woman who had died from an infection caused by a tattoo in 1837. In 1853 a physician reported the first case in which syphilis was transmitted by tattooing. Back in these days, tattoo artists had no knowledge that using the same needles for multiple customers without cleaning them spreads diseases. It wasn’t uncommon to clean off a fresh tattoo with saliva, tobacco juice, or even urine (Hemingson). Several tattoo artists found jobs in Washington DC during the Civil War. A man who was German born, Martin Hildebrandt, started his tattooing career in 1846 and was considered the best tattoo artist at that time. He tattooed military members from both Union and Confederate camps. In 1870, the first American tattoo studio was opened by Hildebrandt (Hemingson). Samuel O’Reily opened tattoo studio in 1875. During this time, tattoos were done by hand, using needles attached to a wooden handle. The tattoo artist would dip the needles in ink and move their hand up and down, puncturing the skin with 2-3 needles per second. Tattooing by hand was a very slow process, and required good manual skill. Since O’Reily was not only a great tattoo artist, but also a mechanic and technician, he began to work on a machine that could help speed up the tattooing process. O’Reily created a hand-held machine where the needles could move up and down automatically. This invention made tattooing as fluent as drawing. In 1981 O’Reily patented his invention and offered it for sale. Tattooing in the US was revolutionized over night. Sailors lined up to be tattooed by O’Reily and his apprentice Charles Wagner. At this point in time, over 80% of the US Navy was tattooed (Hemginson). During the Holocaust in 1939, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos at the Auschwitz concentration camp complex. Over 400,000 prisoners were assigned a serial number and branded, or tattooed, with that number (History of Tattooing). In 1961, New York City banned tattoos and tattoo parlors due to a hepatitis outbreak. This ban wasn’t lifted until 1997. Recently, many towns in New Jersey have removed the bans to avoid legal challenges and have applied rules to regulate tattooing (James). Starting in the 1990’s, tattoos had started being linked to the American fine art world. The number of academy trained artists entering the tattooing profession seemed to be growing each year, doubling since the 1980’s. Art schools and programs started turning out more trained artists than the mainstream art world could absorb, so many art school graduates migrated towards the tattooing industry (Hemingson). It is apparent that tattooing has been widely practiced in all parts of the globe, dating back to ancient times. Throughout history, tattooing, as well as other types of body art, has been related to religion, emotions, inner expression, and even punishment. Tattooing has occurred and still occurs in cultures everywhere and is widely popular in todays American society.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 971 Words

Throughout the years, authors have been influential figures in society who push change through the use of their novels. Usually they shed light on topics that are not well discussed and/or try to correct a social norm which is unjust. In Mark Twain’s classic The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, slavery and racism are portrayed in a humorous light through the eyes of a child. Twain could have narrated his own story about critiquing American society, but when he uses Huck to recount, he is given the freedom to write about the obvious injustices of slavery and racial discrimination which, the South shied away from. Twain utilizes satire throughout the novel to mock the norms of society throughout the many amusing experiences Huck has with†¦show more content†¦This illustrates the fact that even though Ms. Watson is a â€Å"good christian women† she still believes that owning another human being and considering them as property is alright in the eyes of the bible. T wain uses satire to show how hypocritical a good Christian woman can be when it comes to owning slaves and treating them as property. Later on in the book Pap goes on a unintelligent ran on how the government is corrupt and how â€Å"free nigger there, from ohio†(Twain 27), is allowed to vote even though it is obvious that the man has had more education than Pap. In this scene, Twain attacks the ignorance of a man in this time period, and showing how uncultured he is. He does this with Pap because Huck s father is simpleminded. Another key example of satire in the novel is the Sherburn-Boggs incident. Boggs enters the story and says that he has come kill Sherburn for some reason. The situation escalates and Boggs is shot and killed. The townspeople become furious and form a mob to lynch Sherburn. The townspeople arrive at Sherburn’s home, and he is sitting on the roof with a rifle. Sherburn states how the whole crowd is a coward for being in a mob wanting to lynch a ma n. The mob eventually disperses and Huck adds that â€Å"... the pitifulest thing out is a mob† (Twain 142). Twain mocks Southern bravery and the justice system. An example that really shows Hucks innocences and

Thumb Osteoarthritis Treatment Essay - 929 Words

Thumb osteoarthritis treatment aims at preventing the further degeneration of the articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition affecting the joints. Any joint of the body can be affected including the thumb. Thumb osteoarthritis is more common in women compared to men. Usually, thumb osteoarthritis develops after the age of 40. Thumb osteoarthritis mainly affects the joints at the thumb base, the fleshy part of thumb and near the wrist. However, the trapeziometacarpal joint (also known as first carpometacarpal joint) at the thumb base is the most common joint which is susceptible to degeneration. Cause of thumb osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is also known as wear and tear or degenerative joint disease. Cartilage is†¦show more content†¦This condition is known as hyperextension. Thumb swan neck deformity is a specific deformity, which occurs when the CMC joint is hyper extended and the middle thumb joint is flexed. Diagnosis of thumb osteoarthritis: Diagnosis begins with the medical history of the patient. The physical examination reveals the pain, swelling and tenderness at the thumb base. This also helps to reveal the abnormal range of movements. Crepitus or a creaking sound indicates the rubbing of the bone ends in the joint. X-rays helps to show the extent of joint damage. X-rays can detect the presence of osteophytes. Thumb osteoarthritis treatment: The treatment includes several surgical and non-surgical options. Non surgical treatment is recommended in the early stages while surgical options are suggested in severe conditions. Thumb osteoarthritis treatment: Cold treatment Icing your thumb for 5-10 minutes and repeating this for several times in the day helps to relieve the swelling. Thumb osteoarthritis treatment: Splints This is suggested by doctors as a preliminary treatment. The splints support your thumb joints. Splints are helpful for reducing the pain by limiting the thumb and wrist movements. They place your joints in proper position and provide rest to the joints. They may be worn at night or for the entire day as per your needs. Thumb osteoarthritisShow MoreRelatedMedical Article Analysis Essay895 Words   |  4 Pagestrapeziectomy with abductor pollicis longus tendon interposition arthroplasty for osteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint.† This article comes from the Journal of Orthopaedics, Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 59-64, June 2013. The authors of this article are Erez Avisar, Michael Elvey, Ziv Wasrbrout, and Maurice Aghasi. The hypothesis of this article was that the participating patients with moderate to severe osteoarthritis of the thumb would receive higher quality long-term results after receiving a trapeziectomyRead MoreA Brief Note On Arthritis And Musculoskeletal And Skin Diseases Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Osteoarthritis? One of the reasons I chose to do this paper on osteoarthritis is merely because I can be one of the victims of this disease as a result of my family history connected with the disease. Both my father and my grandfather have osteoarthritis. They always complain about their knee pain. My father was informed that since there is no further treatment for the disease, he could only take pain-relieving medicines such as Tylenols and Acetaminophen. Thus, knowing the causeRead MoreThe Effect Of Swedish Herbal On The Treatment Of Arthritis877 Words   |  4 Pagespain and/or disability, swelling and stiffness, and due to various causes such as infection, and due to various causes such as infection, trauma, degenerative changes or metabolic disorders. 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Osteoarthritis can also result from diseases in which there is softening of the bone, likeRead MoreOsteoarthritis : A Degenerative Arthritis1631 Words   |  7 PagesOsteoarthritis is a degenerative arthritis, a condition in which joint cartilage degenerates or breaks down. New tissue, which grows at the ends of bones, now has no cartilage cap to control it. Instead, this new bone forms into strange lips and spurs that grind and grate and get in the way of mo vement of the joint. Osteoarthritis is common in older people after years of wear-and-tear that thin the cartilage and the bones. Osteoarthritis can also result from diseases in which there is softening ofRead MoreAnemia Case Study Answers1331 Words   |  6 Pages4. A 79-year-old female present with her daughter for ongoing fatigue also noted to have lost 5 pounds over past 6 months. No night sweats or fevers. Pertinent past medical history includes severe, generalized osteoarthritis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression. She is taking the following medications: acetaminophen 650mg every eight hours, Lyrica 75 mg twice daily; alendronate 70 mg once weekly, valsartan 320 mg once daily, fluoxetine 40mg once daily and insulin glargine 20 unitsRead MoreEssay on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome1712 Words   |  7 Pagestunnel (The Stay Well Company, 1999). The median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel to receive sensations from the thumb, index, and middle fingers of the hand. Any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the median nerve, which causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers, a condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome (Nidus Information Systems, 2001). All peopleRead MoreQuestion Paper: Billing and Coding Applications with Simulations4067 Words   |  17 Pagesposterior one-half of the medial meniscus, which would be coded 717.2. | | | | | * Question 4 4.5 out of 4.5 points | |    | LOCATlON:  Outpatient, hospital PATIENT: May Leigh SURGEON: Mohamad Almaz, MD PREOPERATIVE DlAGNOSIS: Osteoarthritis, left knee. POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Same. PROCEDURE PERFORMED: Left total knee arthroplasty. ANESTHESIA: General. ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: Minimal Following satisfactory preoperative review and assessment and full discussion, theRead MoreCommon Type Of Wrist Fracture3267 Words   |  14 Pagesfunction3. The rate of surgery on scaphoid fractures rose from 37% in 2007/08 to 62% in 2009/10 4. However the long term benefit and additional risks from surgery, such as infection, anaesthesia and nerve damage mean that this may not be the ideal treatment choice. A displaced fracture, delayed presentation of the fracture, nonunion, and a fracture with associated injuries are commonly accepted as indications for surgical fixation4. Methods include open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and percutaneousRead MoreWest Philly Community Acupuncture ( Wpca )2473 Words   |  10 Pagesand affordable treatments with few barriers to care (â€Å"POCA†, 2016). They are open Tuesday through Thursday from 3pm-7pm, Saturday from 10am-2pm, and Sunday from 1pm-5pm. At WPCA, they have an atypical pricing method. Rather than billing through insurance, they ask their clients to pay on a sliding scale, ranging between 15-35 dollars at the client’s discretion. The client pays prior to their treatment, yet, how much or how little they pay does not dictate the quality of the treatment, number of acupuncture

Reformation And Riots. Throughout History, There Have Been

Reformation and Riots Throughout history, there have been reforms and revolts of every stripe. However the most notable would be the renovations that took place in the nineteenth century and the riots that soon followed those changes. An example of these mentioned the radicals that had been involved in the civil unrest that had been caused by the poor working conditions and low wages of factory workers. This triggered retaliation by the â€Å"captains of industry† from the likes of Andrew Carnegie and Rockefeller. The issues of riots the factors are long hours, poor working conditions, and the threat of losing a job from going on strike, and low wages. If you were a worker in this†¦show more content†¦As a consequence, of a steel mill owner like Andrew Carnegie, only caring about how to keep the mill running efficiently and keeping costs low, many of these â€Å"robber barons’ resolved this problem by squeezing the amount of money that running the mill would b e or having to replace machinery. Instead, they kept the old machinery; this eventually leads to most American steel companies to go out of business later down the line. American steel finally ran its course, as other countries began to develop and have their industrial revolutions. These countries soon would pass up the American steel industry and replace American as the leader in steelmaking and production. Because of the horrid working conditions, many workers went on strike the demonstrate their unrest at the dangerous situations in the factories and of course the long hours. Unfortunately, the moment that the workers decided to go on strike they were instantly fired from their jobs. However, some employees disagreed with the strikers and decided to go to work. These people were known as â€Å"scabs† along with the scabs, factory managers hired immigrants to replace the employees that have been fired for going on strike. The constant threat of losing a job for going on st rike was always there for factory employees. An example of this would be the Haymarket riot in which many workers walked out of the plants, and decided toShow MoreRelatedMasturbation And Sexual Pleasure During The 19th Century870 Words   |  4 PagesApril Haynes lectured and wrote about masturbation and sexual pleasure in the 19th century. She covered the history behind the women-led reformation of sexual pleasure and desire in women, and spoke about the anti-masturbation movement, which was surprisingly lead by women in the same era. I found these talks to be very interesting in that they covered a discrepancy between the wonder of sex, and the female reintroduction to knowledge about their body, and anti-masturbation, which was an ideologyRead MoreThe Effect Censorship has on Art Essay examples943 Words   |  4 PagesThough out history artist have rejected any forms of censorship. Governments have had to enforce censorship laws for the sake of public safety. As well, as to m aintain control of society and to uphold the moral and ethical values that the populous demands. Whether you are for or against censorship in art, it serves a useful purpose in moderation, but it can be taken to extremes. Whether it’s a fascist government or a extremist religious organization it is easy for a controversial law to be twistedRead MoreThe Deprivation Of Heterosexual Relationships1082 Words   |  5 Pagessexual frustration. There are some stimuli that may help but it not enough for some. Sadly because of this lack of heterosexual relationships, some prisoners resort to rapes and victimization to release some of that frustration. This deprivation may have some effects on the prisoners’ masculinity and their self-image. The fourth is the deprivation of autonomy. The prisoners are subjected to rules and commands designed to control their behavior. They cannot make choices for themselves since they mustRead MoreThe Deprivation Of Heterosexual Relationships 1082 Words   |  5 Pagessexual frustration. There are some stimuli that may help but it not enough for some. Sadly because of this lack of heterosexual relationships, some prisoners resort to rapes and victimization to release some of that frustration. This deprivation may have some effects on the prisoners’ masculinity and their self-image. The fourth is the deprivation of autonomy. The prisoners are subjected to rules and commands designed to control their behavior. 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Individual Case Study Halides Ltd

Questions: Issue 1: When finalising the financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2014 two significant errors were made and there is debate as to whether we should simply adjust the financial statements in the current year or change last years financial statements as well. The IT system of the company was installed 3 years ago at a cost of approximately $3.5 million and was estimated to last 10 years. However the latest technology advancements indicate that this was a very optimistic estimate and that the maximum life span of this equipment will probably be not more than 6 years in total with little or no residual value. It was also discovered in August 2014 that a machine worth $2.2 million purchased in January 2014 was erroneously written off to repairs and maintenance instead of being capitalised. Deberella the marketing director thinks we should just adjust this years figures to account for these problems but Peter indicated that it was slightly more complicated than that. Could you please giv e us some advice on this? Issue 2: A number of employees who work on our strategic management team have been with us for a number of years - at least 12 of them have been with us since the company commenced operations in 2006. In accordance with the Employee Bargaining Agreement (EBA) all employees are entitled to long service leave of 13 weeks if they remain in service for 10 years. They are also entitled to pro rata long service leave after 6 years of service. Our usual practice is to show the long service leave expense in the income statement when the employee actually takes leave and is paid. Of course we maintain a memorandum record of the number of days each employee is entitled to. Peter has indicated to us that he thinks we should consider treating this expense in a different manner, which seems complicated. The directors are wondering why we should complicate a very simple way of calculating long service leave why not stick with recognising the expense when we pay for it? What do you think we should do and w hy? Issue 3: Peter, the new financial controller, has also informed the board that the company will need to present a statement of cash flows with the financial statements in addition to those statements already being presented, which really attracted a lot of attention. Some of the directors thought it was a waste of time to present this statement as it was merely a summarised cash book. Others were of the opinion that it could be useful but didnt quite know how they would use it. The structure of the statement of cash flows also came into question with one of the directors suggesting that we merely needed to get a printout of the cash account and attach it. Another said that we couldnt just do that as we needed to show operating, instigating and financing cash flows in the statement. Could you please clarify this matter for us? Answers: Issue 1 AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors Changes in Accounting Estimates Various items in the financial statements may not be measured with the precision but only can be estimated, because of the uncertainties in the activities of business. This estimation includes the judgements based on the available information. Say for example, the estimates may be needed for:(a) Bad debts;(b) Obsolescence of Inventory;(c) Fair value of the financial assets or liabilities;(d) The useful lives of, or the expected pattern of the consumption of the future economic benefits in the depreciable assets; (e) The obligations of warranty.The usage of reasonable estimates is a relevant part for the financial statements preparations. This estimate may require the revision if the changes may arise in the situations in which the estimates were based or as a result of the new data. As per its nature, the revision in an estimate may not relate to the previous periods and is also not a correction of any error.The effects of a changes in the accounting estimate, other than a change to which paragraph applies, would be prospectively recognised by including the same in the profit or loss in:(a) The period of such change, if such change affects that period only; or(b) The period of such change and the future periods, if such change affects both.Advice: Hence, in the given case it is clearly a change in accounting estimates and thus the effect of Depreciation (whether surplus or deficit) shall be charged to Profit Loss Account of current year and the figures shall be adjusted as such. Errors and Omissions The Material prior period errors shall be retrospectively corrected in the first financial report after their discovery by: Restating the comparative amount of the previous periods that are to be presented in which the error has been caused; or Restating the opening balances of liabilities, assets and the equity for the earlier previous years presented, if the error has been caused before the earlier previous periods presented.Thus, a material prior period error must be corrected by retrospective restatement except to the extent it is impracticable for determining either the cumulative effect of the error or period-specific effects. If it is impracticable to determine the cumulative effect of the error at the beginning of the current period, then the error is corrected prospectively from the earliest date that is practicable.As per this Accounting Standard, certain Disclosures are also required in the financial statements .Advice: Hence, in the given case the machine worth $2.2 milli on which was erroneously charged to repairs and maintenance in the prior period shall be rectified in the current period and shall be capitalized thereof. Issue 2 AASB 1028 Employee Benefits Long Service Leave While the differences arise between the various Awards, Acts and the Workplace Agreements that specifies the entitlements of the long service leave in Australia, the following categories of entitlement are common:(a) A legal unconditional entitlement to which the payment arises after a certain period of service (usually 10 or 15 years). The Accumulation of the long service leave entitlement shall continue after this point, up till the leave is actually taken. (b) In various situations (for e.g. death, early retirement, or retrenchment), a legal entitlement to the pro rata payment in place of long leave may arise. At any point in time, an employer could have employees in more than one of the above categories.Whilst most of the employers provide the long service leave benefits to its employees, some employers may participate in same. The employer has an obligation to make the future outflows due to the long service leave arrangements. Accordingly, an employers obligations to the indust ry-based long leave service schemes shall be recognised as liability of the employer.Various industry-based schemes of long service leave operate such that the employers meet their obligations for long service leave to the employees, and receive the reimbursement subsequently from the scheme. In such cases, consistent with the needs of the paragraphs 4.3 and 4.13, the employers shall recognise the liabilities separately for the amount of payments which are expected to be made to the employees.Advice: Thus, in the given case the contention of Peter is correct to treat the expense differently, since it is the requirement of AASB 1028 by treating it as liability or separate liability depending upon the scheme of long service and then charging the same to revenue as discussed above. Issue 3 AASB 101 Presentations of Financial Statements Complete Set of Financial Statements shall comprise of the following statements: (a) A statement of financial position as at the end of the period;(b) A statement of profit or loss for the period;(c) A statement of changes in equity for the period;(d) A statement of cash flows for the period ;(e) Notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information; AASB 107 Cash Flow Statements This Standard applies to : (a) Every entity which is required to prepare the financial reports as per the Part 2M.3 of the Corporations Act;(b) The general purpose financial reports of every reporting entity; and(c) The financial reports that are held to be general purpose financial reports. Benefits of Cash Flow Information The statement of cash flow provides the information that enables the users in order to evaluate the changes in the net assets of entity, its financial positions (including the solvency and liquidity) and the entitys ability to affect the timing and amount of cash flows to adapt to the changing situations and opportunities. Cash flow information is helpful for the assessment of the ability of the entity for generating the cash and cash equivalents and it enables the users to develop the model for assessing and comparing the present value of future cash flows of various entities. Cash Transactions can be bifurcated into 3 activities and are to be shown in Cash Flow Statement , , The historical information of cash flow is also used as the indicator of the timing, amount and the certainty of the future cash flows. It is also helpful in measuring the accuracy of the past assessments of the future cash flows and also examining the bonding between the net cash flow and profitability and the effect of changing prices.Advice: Hence, in the given case considering the requirements of AASB 101 and AASB 107, and also the benefits of preparing the cash flow statement as discussed above, it is advisable to prepare the cash flow statements depicting the cash transactions occurred during the year. References AASB, 2011, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors reviewed on 21 January 2015, https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB108_07-04_COMPmay11_07-11.pdf Chartered Accountants, 2013, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors reviewed on 21 January 2015, https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Australian-accounting-standards/Analysis-of-AASB-standards/AASB-108--Accounting-policies-changes-in-accounting-estimates-and-errors?standard=%7B846095B1-DF0D-4BAD-967E-FFBB46D5F8AE%7D AASB, 2001, Employee Benefits reviewed on 21 January 2015, https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB1028_06-01.pdf AASB, 2011, Presentation of Financial Statements reviewed on 21 January 2015, https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB101_09-07_COMPsep11_07-12.pdf AASB, 2007, Cash Flow Statements reviewed on 21 January 2015, https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB107_07-04_COMPjul07_07-07.pdf

Non Competitive Market Examples Essay Example

Non Competitive Market Examples Paper This chapter covers what it is like for an industry to live in a non-competitive market. In this chapter it gives good examples of different types of industries that don’t have to worry about a competitive market. It begins off by express how in New York City, taxi drivers are restricted in number to how many can actually run a business. In order to do so, you have to have this medallion that authorizes you to have authority over the entity. Medallions have been sold as high as $175,000 back in the 1990’s and now can be sold as high as $250,000. This enables for no competition within the market itself. From there it goes on to explaining that as an industry or good, is limited in number, it hold a higher value and because of its low supply are able to charge at an extensively high price. The article elaborates that when the government is involved for whenever reason the system is always thrown off balance. However, the article also begins to illustrate on how government involvement is also set to protect the industries that are tying to compete in it. For example with the hair braiding business that were opening up the Californian government focused on ensuring that those who spent considerable time and effort in becoming licensed in cosmetology that they were the ones striving in the business not the unlicensed individuals. Yet, though state level is true, federally the government itself does not like competitive market. This is true when looking at the U. S. postal service vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Competitive Market Examples specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Non Competitive Market Examples specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Non Competitive Market Examples specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer FedEx where Congress has issued anyone delivering first class by FedEx is mandated to a postage stamp tax. Overall, with all the many examples that are given in the chapter its main point is that a lot of business hate competitive markets and will try and do anything to beat out the competition in order for them to receive as much of the profits as possible. Based off of the examples that I have read, I feel that the one regarding the pricing on telecommunications is the most harmful of all. The reason being is that when by allowing such outrageous charges for connection charges and not allowing any new connections, you are essentially isolating the business itself. Making it virtually immovable from any angle and allowing for full control over the people within the industry. By not allowing any competition and charging at a rate of whatever you like, we essentially cause for an ultimatum in decision. Whether you pay an arm and a leg for the service or you don’t have it. If both methods were to work in successfully knocking out the competition essentially you wouldn’t see a difference in the method. In the end you are still knocking out your competition and charging it at your desired price. Whether that means that you lower your prices, to a designated amount at which you are still probably making a profit or raising the difficulty for others. All in all the most important factor about these two methods is that it dens work and it does knock out the competition.